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Math 181 11.4 – The Comparison Tests.

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1 Math 181 11.4 – The Comparison Tests

2 Remember the Comparison Test for integrals
Remember the Comparison Test for integrals? Series have a similar test to determine convergence/divergence. But first, it will help to have a bunch of series to compare to.

3 𝑛 𝑛 ≫𝑛!≫…≫ 3 𝑛 ≫ 2 𝑛 ≫…≫ 𝑛 2 ≫ 𝑛 1.1 ≫…≫𝑛≫ 𝑛 ≫ 3 𝑛 ≫…≫ ln 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛! ≪…≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪ 1 2 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 2 ≪ 1 𝑛 1.1 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 ln 𝑛

4 𝑛 𝑛 ≫𝑛!≫…≫ 3 𝑛 ≫ 2 𝑛 ≫…≫ 𝑛 2 ≫ 𝑛 1.1 ≫…≫𝑛≫ 𝑛 ≫ 3 𝑛 ≫…≫ ln 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛! ≪…≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪ 1 2 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 2 ≪ 1 𝑛 1.1 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 ln 𝑛

5 𝑛 𝑛 ≫𝑛!≫…≫ 3 𝑛 ≫ 2 𝑛 ≫…≫ 𝑛 2 ≫ 𝑛 1.1 ≫…≫𝑛≫ 𝑛 ≫ 3 𝑛 ≫…≫ ln 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛! ≪…≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪ 1 2 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 2 ≪ 1 𝑛 1.1 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 ln 𝑛

6 𝑛 𝑛 ≫𝑛!≫…≫ 3 𝑛 ≫ 2 𝑛 ≫…≫ 𝑛 2 ≫ 𝑛 1.1 ≫…≫𝑛≫ 𝑛 ≫ 3 𝑛 ≫…≫ ln 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛! ≪…≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪ 1 2 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 2 ≪ 1 𝑛 1.1 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 ln 𝑛

7 𝑛 𝑛 ≫𝑛!≫…≫ 3 𝑛 ≫ 2 𝑛 ≫…≫ 𝑛 2 ≫ 𝑛 1.1 ≫…≫𝑛≫ 𝑛 ≫ 3 𝑛 ≫…≫ ln 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛! ≪…≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪ 1 2 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 2 ≪ 1 𝑛 1.1 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 ln 𝑛

8 𝑛 𝑛 ≫𝑛!≫…≫ 3 𝑛 ≫ 2 𝑛 ≫…≫ 𝑛 2 ≫ 𝑛 1.1 ≫…≫𝑛≫ 𝑛 ≫ 3 𝑛 ≫…≫ ln 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛! ≪…≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪ 1 2 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 2 ≪ 1 𝑛 1.1 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 ln 𝑛

9 𝑛 𝑛 ≫𝑛!≫…≫ 3 𝑛 ≫ 2 𝑛 ≫…≫ 𝑛 2 ≫ 𝑛 1.1 ≫…≫𝑛≫ 𝑛 ≫ 3 𝑛 ≫…≫ ln 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛! ≪…≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪ 1 2 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 2 ≪ 1 𝑛 1.1 ≪…≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 𝑛 ≪ 1 3 𝑛 ≪…≪ 1 ln 𝑛

10 How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3. Limits and L’Hospital
How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3 ? Limits and L’Hospital! lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 𝑛 3 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 3 𝑛 2 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 2 6𝑛 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln =∞ So, as 𝑛 gets really big, 2 𝑛 gets to be much bigger than 𝑛 3 .

11 How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3. Limits and L’Hospital
How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3 ? Limits and L’Hospital! lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 𝑛 3 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 3 𝑛 2 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 2 6𝑛 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln =∞ So, as 𝑛 gets really big, 2 𝑛 gets to be much bigger than 𝑛 3 .

12 How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3. Limits and L’Hospital
How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3 ? Limits and L’Hospital! lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 𝑛 3 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 3 𝑛 2 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 2 6𝑛 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln =∞ So, as 𝑛 gets really big, 2 𝑛 gets to be much bigger than 𝑛 3 .

13 How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3. Limits and L’Hospital
How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3 ? Limits and L’Hospital! lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 𝑛 3 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 3 𝑛 2 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 2 6𝑛 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln =∞ So, as 𝑛 gets really big, 2 𝑛 gets to be much bigger than 𝑛 3 .

14 How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3. Limits and L’Hospital
How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3 ? Limits and L’Hospital! lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 𝑛 3 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 3 𝑛 2 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 2 6𝑛 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln =∞ So, as 𝑛 gets really big, 2 𝑛 gets to be much bigger than 𝑛 3 .

15 How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3. Limits and L’Hospital
How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3 ? Limits and L’Hospital! lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 𝑛 3 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 3 𝑛 2 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 2 6𝑛 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln =∞ So, as 𝑛 gets really big, 2 𝑛 gets to be much bigger than 𝑛 3 .

16 How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3. Limits and L’Hospital
How can we show, for example, that 2 𝑛 ≫ 𝑛 3 ? Limits and L’Hospital! lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 𝑛 3 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 3 𝑛 2 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln 2 2 6𝑛 = lim 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 ln =∞ So, as 𝑛 gets really big, 2 𝑛 gets to be much bigger than 𝑛 3 .

17 The Comparison Test Suppose 𝑎 𝑛 and 𝑏 𝑛 have nonnegative terms, and 𝑁 is some integer. If 𝑎 𝑛 ≤ 𝑏 𝑛 for all 𝑛>𝑁 and if ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 converges, then the smaller ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 also converges. If 𝑏 𝑛 ≤ 𝑎 𝑛 for all 𝑛>𝑁 and if ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 diverges, then the bigger ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 also diverges.

18 Ex 1. Does 𝑛=1 ∞ 5 5𝑛−1 converge or diverge?

19 Ex 2. Does 𝑛=4 ∞ 𝑛−3 2+ 𝑛 2 𝑛 converge or diverge?

20 Ex 3. Does 𝑛=1 ∞ 1 2 𝑛 +1 converge or diverge?

21 What about 1 2 𝑛 −1. When 𝑛 is large, 1 2 𝑛 −1 acts like 1 2 𝑛
What about 1 2 𝑛 −1 ? When 𝑛 is large, 1 2 𝑛 −1 acts like 1 2 𝑛 . Since 1 2 𝑛 converges, 1 2 𝑛 −1 should converge, too. We want to compare it to 1 2 𝑛 but the problem is that 1 2 𝑛 −1 ≥ 1 2 𝑛 (not “≤”). What to do? Thankfully, the Limit Comparison Test comes to our rescue!

22 What about 1 2 𝑛 −1. When 𝑛 is large, 1 2 𝑛 −1 acts like 1 2 𝑛
What about 1 2 𝑛 −1 ? When 𝑛 is large, 1 2 𝑛 −1 acts like 1 2 𝑛 . Since 1 2 𝑛 converges, 1 2 𝑛 −1 should converge, too. We want to compare it to 1 2 𝑛 but the problem is that 1 2 𝑛 −1 ≥ 1 2 𝑛 (not “≤”). What to do? Thankfully, the Limit Comparison Test comes to our rescue!

23 What about 1 2 𝑛 −1. When 𝑛 is large, 1 2 𝑛 −1 acts like 1 2 𝑛
What about 1 2 𝑛 −1 ? When 𝑛 is large, 1 2 𝑛 −1 acts like 1 2 𝑛 . Since 1 2 𝑛 converges, 1 2 𝑛 −1 should converge, too. We want to compare it to 1 2 𝑛 but the problem is that 1 2 𝑛 −1 ≥ 1 2 𝑛 (not “≤”). What to do? Thankfully, the Limit Comparison Test comes to our rescue!

24 What about 1 2 𝑛 −1. When 𝑛 is large, 1 2 𝑛 −1 acts like 1 2 𝑛
What about 1 2 𝑛 −1 ? When 𝑛 is large, 1 2 𝑛 −1 acts like 1 2 𝑛 . Since 1 2 𝑛 converges, 1 2 𝑛 −1 should converge, too. We want to compare it to 1 2 𝑛 but the problem is that 1 2 𝑛 −1 ≥ 1 2 𝑛 (not “≤”). What to do? Thankfully, the Limit Comparison Test comes to our rescue!

25 The Limit Comparison Test (LCT)
Suppose 𝑎 𝑛 and 𝑏 𝑛 have positive terms for all 𝑛≥𝑁 (𝑁 is some integer). If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =𝑐>0, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 both converge or both diverge. 2. If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =0 and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 converges, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 converges. 3. If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =∞ and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 diverges, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 diverges.

26 The Limit Comparison Test (LCT)
Suppose 𝑎 𝑛 and 𝑏 𝑛 have positive terms for all 𝑛≥𝑁 (𝑁 is some integer). If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =𝑐>0, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 both converge or both diverge. 2. If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =0 and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 converges, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 converges. 3. If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =∞ and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 diverges, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 diverges.

27 The Limit Comparison Test (LCT)
Suppose 𝑎 𝑛 and 𝑏 𝑛 have positive terms for all 𝑛≥𝑁 (𝑁 is some integer). If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =𝑐>0, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 both converge or both diverge. 2. If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =0 and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 converges, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 converges. 3. If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =∞ and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 diverges, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 diverges.

28 The Limit Comparison Test (LCT)
Suppose 𝑎 𝑛 and 𝑏 𝑛 have positive terms for all 𝑛≥𝑁 (𝑁 is some integer). If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =𝑐>0, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 both converge or both diverge. 2. If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =0 and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 converges, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 converges. 3. If lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 =∞ and ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 diverges, then ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 diverges.